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command summaries

summary

    This subchapter provides a list of UNIX (Linux) command summaries.

command summaries

    This subchapter provides a list of UNIX (Linux) command summaries.

shell commands, tools, and utilities

CONTROL
    CONTROL-c      Kills current process

a
    a2ps      Fromat an ASCII file for printing on a PostScript printer [Linux]
    alias      Create a command alias [builtin command in BASH]
    apropos    Search Help manual pages (man -k)
    apt-get    Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
    aptitude   Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
    arp        Display and modify the Internet-to-Ethernet address translation tables
    aspell     Spell Checker
    at         Schedule a job
    awk        Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
b
    basename   Strip directory and suffix from filenames
    bash       GNU Bourne-Again SHell
    bc         Arbitrary precision calculator language
    bg         Send to background
    break      Exit from a loop [builtin command in BASH]
    builtin    Run a shell builtin
    bzip2      Compress or decompress file(s)
c
    cal        Displays a calendar [alternative layout using ncal]
    case       Conditionally perform a command
    cat        Concatenate and print (display) the contents of files
    cd         Change Directory
    cfdisk     Partition table manipulator for Linux
    chgrp      Change group ownership
    chmod      Change access permissions
    chown      Change file owner and group
    chroot     Run a command with a different root directory
    chkconfig  System services (runlevel)
    cksum      Print CRC checksum and byte counts
    clear      Clears the terminal screen
    cmp        Compare two files
    comm       Compare two sorted files line by line
    command    Run a command - ignoring shell functions [builtin command in BASH]
    continue   Resume the next iteration of a loop [builtin command in BASH]
    cp         Copy one or more files to another location
    cron       Daemon to execute scheduled commands
    crontab    Schedule a command to run at a later time
    csplit     Split a file into context-determined pieces
    cut        Divide a file into several parts
d
    date       Display or change the date and time
    dc         Desk Calculator
    dd         Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
    ddrescue   Data recovery tool
    declare    Declare variables and give them attributes [builtin command in BASH]
    defaults   Set defaults [mac OS X]
    df         Display drives and free disk space
    dict       Look up a word at dict.org [Perl client script]
    diff       Display the differences between two files
    diff3      Show differences among three files
    dig        DNS lookup
    dir        Briefly list directory contents
    dircolors  Color setup for ls
    dirname    Convert a full pathname to just a path
    dirs       Display list of remembered directories
    dmesg      Print kernel & driver messages
    du         Estimate file space usage
e
    echo       Display message on screen [builtin command in BASH]
    egrep      Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
    eject      Eject removable media
    enable     Enable and disable builtin shell commands [builtin command in BASH]
    env        Environment variables
    ethtool    Ethernet card settings
    eval       Evaluate several commands/arguments
    exec       Execute a command
    exit       Exit the shell
    expect     Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal
    expand     Convert tabs to spaces
    export     Set an environment variable
    expr       Evaluate expressions
f
    false      Do nothing, unsuccessfully
    fdformat   Low-level format a floppy disk
    fdisk      Partition table manipulator for Linux
    fg         Send job to foreground
    fgrep      Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
    file       Determine file type
    find       Search for files that meet a desired criteria
    fmt        Reformat paragraph text
    fold       Wrap text to fit a specified width
    for        Loop and expand words and execute commands
    format     Format disks or tapes
    free       Display memory usage
    fsck       File system consistency check and repair
    ftp        File Transfer Protocol
    function   Define Function Macros
    fuser      Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file
g
    gawk       Find and Replace text within file(s)
    getopts    Parse positional parameters
    grep       Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
    groupadd   Add a user security group
    groupdel   Delete a group
    groupmod   Modify a group
    groups     Print group names a user is in
    gzip       Compress or decompress named file(s)
h
    hash       Remember the full pathname of a name argument
    head       Output the first part of file(s)
    help       Display help for a built-in command [builtin command in BASH]
    history    Command History
    hostname   Print or set system name
i
    iconv      Convert the character set of a file
    id         Print user and group IDs
    if         Conditionally perform a command
    ifconfig   Configure a network interface
    ifdown     Stop a network interface
    ifup       Start a network interface up
    import     Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
    init       Set run level on Linux
    install    Copy files and set attributes
j
    jobs       List active jobs [builtin command in BASH]
    join       Join lines on a common field
    jot        Print numeric sequences [BSD and Mac OS X]
k
    kill       Stop a process from running
    killall    Kill processes by name
l
    less       Display output one screen at a time
    let        Perform arithmetic on shell variables [builtin command in BASH]
    ln         Make links between files
    local      Create variables [builtin command in BASH]
    locate     Find files
    logname    Print current login name
    logout     Exit a login shell [builtin command in BASH]
    look       Display lines beginning with a given string
    lpc        Line printer control program
    lpr        Off line print
    lprint     Print a file
    lprintd    Abort a print job
    lprintq    List the print queue
    lprm       Remove jobs from the print queue
    ls         List information about file(s)
    lsof       List open files
m
    make       Compile or recompile a group of programs
    man        Help manual
    mkdir      make directory(s)
    mkfifo     Make FIFOs (named pipes)
    mkisofs    Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem
    mknod      Make block or character special files
    mmv        Mass Move and rename (files)
    more       Display output one screen at a time
    mount      Mount a file system
    mtools     Manipulate MS-DOS files
    mtr        Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)
    mv         Move or rename files or directories
    mysql      SQL database
n
    nano       Very simple editor
    ncal        Displays a calendar [alternative layout using cal]
    netstat    Networking information
    nice       Set the priority of a command or job
    nl         Number lines and write files
    nohup      Run a command immune to hangups
    notify-send Send desktop notifications
    nslookup   Query Internet name servers interactively
o
    open       Open a file in its default application
    op         Operator access
p
    passwd     Modify a user password
    paste      Merge lines of files
    pathchk    Check file name portability
    ping       Test a network connection
    pkill      Stop processes from running
    popd       Restore the previous value of the current directory
    pr         Prepare files for printing
    printcap   Printer capability database
    printenv   Print environment variables
    printf     Format and print data [builtin command in BASH]
    ps         Process Status
    pushd      Save and then change the current directory
    pwd        Print Working Directory
q
    quota      Display disk usage and limits
    quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
    quotactl   Set disk quotas
r
    ram        ram disk device
    rcp        Remote copy files between two machines
    read       Read a line from standard input [builtin command in BASH]
    readarray  Read from stdin into an array variable [builtin command in BASH]
    readonly   Mark variables/functions as readonly
    reboot     Reboot the system
    rename     Rename files
    renice     Alter priority of running processes
    remsync    Synchronize remote files via email
    return     Return from a shell function
    rev        Reverse lines of a file
    rm         Remove files
    rmdir      Remove directory(s)
    route      Routing commands
    rpm        Package manager
    rsync      Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
s
    screen     Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via SSH
    screencapture Create screenshotts [Mac OS X]
    scp        Secure copy (remote file copy)
    sdiff      Merge two files interactively
    sed        Stream Editor
    select     Accept keyboard input
    seq        Print numeric sequences
    service    Run init scripts [System V]
    set        Manipulate shell variables and functions
    sftp       Secure File Transfer Program
    shift      Shift positional parameters
    shopt      Shell Options
    shred      Secure delete
    shutdown   Shutdown or restart the system
    sleep      Delay for a specified time
    slocate    Find files
    sort       Sort text files
    source     Run commands from a file [also .]
    split      Split a file into fixed-size pieces
    ssh        Secure Shell client (remote login program)
    strace     Trace system calls and signals
    su         Substitute User identity
    sudo       Execute a command as another user [root]
    sum        Print a checksum for a file
    suspend    Suspend execution of this shell [builtin command in BASH]
    symlink    Make a new name for a file
    sync       Synchronize data on disk with memory
    sysstat    Server toolset
t
    tail       Output the last part of file
    tar        Tape ARchiver
    tee        Redirect output to multiple files
    test       Evaluate a conditional expression
    time       Measure program running time
    times      User and system times
    touch      Change file timestamps
    top        List top processes running on the system
    traceroute Trace Route to Host
    trap       Run a command when a signal is set (Bourne)
    tr         Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
    troff      Format text for print
    true       Do nothing, successfully
    tsort      Topological sort
    tty        Print filename of terminal on stdin
    type       Describe a command [builtin command in BASH]
u
    ulimit     Limit user resources [builtin command in BASH]
    umask      Users file creation mask
    umount     Unmount a device
    unalias    Remove an alias [builtin command in BASH]
    uname      Print system information
    unexpand   Convert spaces to tabs
    uniq       Uniquify files
    units      Convert units from one scale to another
    unset      Remove variable or function names
    unshar     Unpack shell archive scripts
    until      Execute commands (until error)
    unzip      Uncompress .zip files
    uptime     Show uptime
    useradd    Create new user account
    userdel    Delete a user account
    usermod    Modify user account
    users      List users currently logged in
    uuencode   Encode a binary file
    uudecode   Decode a file created by uuencode
v
    v          verbosely list directory contents (ls -l -b)
    vdir       verbosely list directory contents (ls -l -b)
    vi         ancient text editor
    vim        modern version of ancient text editor
    vmstat     Report Virtual Memory STATistics
w
    w       Information on what each user is doing
    wait       Wait for a process to complete [builtin command in BASH]
    watch      Execute/display a program periodically
    wc         Print byte, word, and line counts
    whatis     Single line summary of a UNIX/Linux command
    whereis    Search the user’s $path, man pages and source files for a program
    which      Search the user’s $path for a program file
    while      Loop
    who        Print all usernames currently logged in
    whoami     Print the current user id and name (id -un)
    wget       Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
    write      Send a message to another user
x
    xargs      Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
    xdg-open   Open a file or URL in the user’s preferred application
y
    yes        Print a string until interrupted
    yum        Install, upgrade, or remove the Apache web server
punctuation
    .           Run a command script in the current shell
    !           Run the last command again
    #          Comment or Remark